Out of the several editions of the
famous passage for double basses from Verdi's Othello (Act IV), the
one most interesting to me is the version that includes fingerings
and bowings. Apparently, displeased by what he heard at the first
go-round in Milan, probably during rehearsals for the premier at La
Scala in 1887, Verdi sent a letter to Giovanni Bottesini in London,
mentioning 'problematic' intonation in the double basses. Along with
the letter, the composer included a copy of the passage with the
request that the great virtuoso provide fingerings to guide the
bassists in Milan toward fixing the intonation problem. Although I
am not 100% certain of the provenance of the markings in the Ricordi
edition, I have always assumed that they are what Bottesini provided
to Verdi.
To the modern eye, at least to mine,
some of the fingerings look odd, most notably the half-steps that are
fingered 1 - 4.
An aside is in order here, in case any
non bassists are torturing themselves by reading this. Nowadays,
with the exception of certain 'advanced' or 'extended' techniques, in
the lower positions, which encompass most of the orchestral
literature for the instrument, bassists mostly use the fingering
scheme of 1 - 2 - 4. The 1st and 4th finger spanning the distance of
a whole tone - and, obviously, from 1st to 2nd finger, and 2nd to
4th encompassing a semi tone. This fingering scheme appears in
method books by Franz Simandl, Edouard Nanny, Ludwig Streicher, and
probably many more I am unaware of. [An aside within an aside: I
once studied with a teacher who assigned etudes from the method by
Isaia Bille, who used the fingering scheme 1 - 3 - 4, the so-called
Italian Style. Only this teacher, in disagreement with Sgr. Bille,
had gone through the entire volume with whiteout, covering over every
instance of the 3rd finger and overwriting it with the numeral '2'.
Why would anyone overlook the strongest finger? he asked,
rhetorically.]
Despite the development of 'modern'
fingering systems, the idea that the span between the 1st and 4th
finger shall be a whole step remains largely sacrosanct. Innovations
to fingering, such as they are, most often strive to increase that
span, through stretching the fingers, pivoting with the wrist &c.,
which makes the appearance of the half-steps and major thirds fingered 1 - 4 seem archaic, or at least a little bit odd. (Once
again for the non bassist: half-step corresponds to the major third in that the former is played on one string, the latter, on
adjacent strings, the distance between the fingers remaining the
same.)
I have made my own version of the
excerpt (see below) including the fingerings from Bottesini. Instances of the 1 - 4 half-step fingerings
can be found in measures 6 and 7, 11 and 12, 17, 22, 23 and 24.
Looking over the entire passage, one
will not find a single instance where the 2nd finger is employed -
the Italian custom of avoiding that digit altogether in the lower
positions. There are some other interesting features or, one might
say, inconsistencies, wherein at one time a half step is taken with
the aforementioned fingering of 1 - 4, and followed soon thereafter
with the same notes being fingered 1 - 3.
Recently, while searching my computer
for a copy of the Othello excerpt to give to a student, I
rediscovered a scan of Bottesini's method book. Years ago,
unsolicited, someone had sent me a CD containing scans of the whole
book, an edition published by Carl Fischer, with the text in English.
Unfortunately, there are no dates or information about the editor or
translator, but it looks to be an old edition, with the archaic
fingerings intact. The book is also available on IMSLP, Léon
Escudier, editor, with the text in French. This version, in
addition to an extended introductory section, also includes a second
part that deals with the double bass as a solo instrument. I'm aware
that a few modern, bowdlerized version of the book exist, where, in
addition to the fingerings being 'updated', various passages were
transposed or rewritten to utilize a fourth string, something
Bottesini did not favor. With extra time on my hands lately, as is
I'm sure true of anyone reading this contemporaneously, I thought it
might be interesting to go through the book in order to try out
Bottesini's fingerings, and, in so doing, discover if there is any
method to what, at first glance appears as madness. My intention is
to make note of my experiences here. The next number of posts will
be dealing with that subject matter.
Before proceeding to the Bottesini
Method, a few observations about the Othello passage might be of
interest. There is some debate about the accent on the first note -
specifically how loud to play that. At auditions, some players play it quite forcefully, others less so, or not at all. The score has
no accent, last time I checked. The up-bow marking suggests to me
that less of an attack might be the better approach. Perhaps the
accent is there more to indicate that the note should have a definite
beginning, rather than fading in from nothing. The indication of the
3rd string in m. 17 is almost certainly an error. The 1st string is
more logical and fits with the numbered fingerings. I'm hoping that
study of Bottesini's Method will shed some light on the fingering
choices in measure 22 - the interval C-flat to B-flat is fingered one
time 4 - 1 and the next 3 - 1.
An old post might be of interest. It is an account of when the {redacted}SO, under Sir Georg Solti, performed the piece, with Luciano Pavarotti in the title role. One
minor episode not covered by the blog post concerns the marking soli
contrabassi a 4 corde. The three string bass being still widely used
at the time, Verdi felt the need to specify that only those with the
low E string should play the first six measures, until tutti is
marked in measure seven, probably to avoid having players join in in
the middle of a phrase. At the first go through with Solti, it
seemed like he had never noticed the marking before. There was some
back and forth with the principal until the brain trust, such as it
was, came to the (wrong!) conclusion that contrabassi a 4 corde meant
four players. We were all set to proceed that way, with four players
beginning, and the rest of the section joining at bar seven. Needles
to say, this didn't sit well with some of us. It was one of a number
of times over the years I thought the section might actually come to
blows. At the time, I was using a five-string bass and wondered whether I should
be a pill and, adhering to the letter of the law, sit out. In the
end, hotter heads prevailed, and we all played the whole thing.
The post about the 1990 performance is here.
click to embiggen
